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Pecularities of translation into Ukrainian of English phraseological units in the texts of literary discourse

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52
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English
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by Akhmanova, “English Phraseology” by Koonin, “The English Word” and “Lexicology of Modern English” by Arnold, “A course in Modern English Lexicology” by Ginzburg, etc. All these books give background knowledge on phraseological units, the characteristic features of idioms, their semantic and structural peculiarities.

 
 CHAPTER 1
 PHRASEOLOGY AS A LANGUAGE PHENOMENON AND TRANSLATION CHALLENGE
 
1.1 Research of phraseology as a language phenomenon
 
Phraseology, which studies phraseological units of the language, as the branch of Linguistics appeared in the 1940s. The object of Phraseology is phraseological units, their nature, and the way they function in speech. However, there is a problem of terminology in linguistics connected with phraseology, since there are the following terms which are used in this branch of linguistics:
  • set expression or word-equivalent;
  • idiom;
  • set phrase;
  • fixed word-groups;
  • phraseological combinations;
  • phraseological fusions;
  • phraseological unit. 
The “Dictionary on linguistic terms” gives the following definition of praseological units: “phraseological units (idiom, idiomatic) - lexically indivisible, stable in composition and structure, holistically meaningful phrase reproduced as set speech units. The concept of phraseologic unit (unite phraséologique), first used by Charles Bally, in Précis de stylistique, was taken by V.V.Vinogradov and other Soviet linguists, who translated it as «фразеологічна одиниця», which led to the term phraseologhism, with the same meaning, and then subsequently borrowed by different languages belonging to the European culture.
The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka (1992, 1974). In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology.
From the beginning of the 20th century, various linguists have studied and investigated phraseological units and their properties. The first researchers indicated only the motivation and the structural properties. Much later Ch. Fernando (1996) provided the most frequently mentioned properties of
Phraseological units which scholars use in their works. These properties are:
  1. сompositeness (phraseological units are commonly accepted as phrases and not as single words);
  2. institutionalism (phraseological units are conventionalized expressions);
  3. semantic opacity (the meaning of the phraseological units is not understood literally).
Other scholars, such as G. Nunberg, I. Sag and T. Wasow (1994) offer a different list of properties, typical to phraseological units:
  1. inflexibility (syntax changes are restricted);
  2. figuration (figurative meaning);
  3. proverbiality (description of social activity compared to concrete activity);
  4. informality (typically occur in informal speech);
  5. affect (usually have affective stance towards what they describe).
According to Rosemarie Gläser, a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic stability, may be idiomatized, may carry connotations, and may have an emphatic or intensifying function in a text.
According to Prof. Kunin A.V., phraseological units are stable word-groups with partially or fully transferred meanings ("to kick the bucket", “Greek gift”, “drink till all's blue”, “drunk as a fiddler (drunk as a lord, as a boiled owl)”, “as mad as a hatter (as a march hare)”).
Phraseological unit is a word group with a fixed lexical composition and grammatical structure; its meaning, which is familiar to native speakers of the given language, is generally figurative and cannot be derived from the meanings of the phraseological unit’s component parts. The meanings of phraseological units are the result of the given language’s historical development.[7] 
All the phraseological units have their own features:
  • the structure ruggedness and separateness – all the phraseological units have divided structure and have several components which don’t realize their lexical meanings being inside of the unit because they cannot be translated or used separately.
  • stability of a grammatical structure – each phraseological unit is a part of some grammatical category and it is concrete part of speech and that is why it has a set of grammatical forms and it has he same syntax function as its part of speech.
  • structural stability – it is typically for phraseological units to have constancy of its components and stability of lexical structure
  • semantic equivalence for the word – in the view of semantic and the structure a phraseological unit is more difficult language unit than a word. But it is typical for the most phraseological units to have a functional closeness to the word equivalence to the word.
  • repeatability – semantic integrity, components’ and structure’s permanence are define an impotent feature of the structure. There are a lot of prepared phraseological units in the phraseological system of the language, they aren’t creating one more time, and they are just taken out off a memory.
 Idioms can be positive, negative or neutral. It is clear that “to kill two
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