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style="text-align: justify;">Outside
1. On the outer side of: outside the house
2. Beyond the limits of: outside my experience
Over
1. Above; higher than: There are cupboards over the sink.
2. Covering: We spread an extra blanket over the bed.
3. Across: I jumped over a puddle.
4. More than: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour
5. During: I saw him several times over the past week.
6. By means of: We made plans over the telephone.
Past
1. Up to and beyond: I walked past the house.
2. After (in time) : It was past 2 o'clock; half past two
3. Beyond: past belief
Per
1. For each: 60 kilometers per hour; price per liter
Plus
1. With the addition of: Six plus four equals ten.
Since
1. From a specific time in the past: I had been waiting since two o'clock.
2. From a past time until now: I have been waiting here since noon.
Through
1. Across; from end to end of: the main road through town
2. For the whole of a period: I slept through the night.
3. By means of: Skill improves through practice.
Throughout
1. In every part of: throughout the world
2. For the whole of a period: throughout the winter
Till
Note: Till can be used instead of until. However, at the beginning of a sentence, until is usually used.
To
1. In the direction of: Turn to the right.
2. Destination: I am going to Rome.
3. Until: from Monday to Friday; five minutes to ten
4. Compared with: They prefer hockey to soccer.
5. With indirect object: Please give it to me.
6. As part of infinitive: I like to ski; he wants to help.
7. In order to: We went to the store to buy soap.
to a certain extent: partly
to date: so far; until now
up to date: current; modern
take something to heart: be much affected by something
to the point: relevant
Toward (or Towards)
1. In the direction of: We walked toward the center of town.
2. Near; just before (time) : It rained towards evening.
Under
1. Beneath: under the desk; under the trees
2. Less than: Under 100 people were present.
3. In circumstances of: under repair; under way; under discussion
under age: below the age of being legally permitted to do something
be under arrest: be held prisoner and charged with wrongdoing
under the circumstances: because this is true
under consideration: being thought about
under control: able to be regulated or guided
under cover of: protected by; undetected because of
be under the influence of: be affected by
under observation: being watched carefully
Underneath
1. Below, under: underneath the carpet
Until
1. Up to a certain time: She will stay until Friday; until 5 p. m.
Upon
Note: On and upon have similar meanings. Upon may be used in certain expressions, as in once upon a time, and following certain verbs, as in to rely upon someone.
Up
1. To a higher place: We went up the stairs.
2. In a higher place: She lives up the hill.
Up to
1. As far as: up to now; I have read up to page 100.
2. Depending on: The decision is up to you.
3. As good as; ready for: His work is up to standard.
Versus
1. Against (sports, legal) : The next game is England versus Australia.
Via
1. By way of: He went to Los Angeles via San Francisco.
With
1. Accompanying: He came with her; I have my keys with me.
2. Having; containing: Here is a book with a map of the island.
3. By means of; using: I repaired the shoes with glue.
4. Manner: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty
5. Because of: We were paralyzed with fear.
with regard to: concerning; about
with respect to: concerning; about
Within
1. Inside of: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer
within limits: to a certain extent; not too much
Without
Not having: Do not leave without your coat; without money
go without saying: be obvious
Appendix III. Irregular verbs
InfinitivePast IndefiniteParticiple IITranslation
bewas; werebeenбути, знаходитися
bearborebornнароджувати, витримувати
becomebecamebecomeстати
beginbeganbegunпочинати (ся)
breakbrokebrokenламати
bringbroughtbroughtпринести, привезти
buildbuiltbuiltбудувати