Pecularities of translation into Ukrainian of English phraseological units in the texts of literary discourse

I have a nine-to-five job. – Я працюю з 9 ранку до 5 вечора.

 Leslie Mill’s play, which was also included in the FORUM, was taken up with children from grades 1-5. – Пьеса Леслі Мілла, яка також була опублікована в журналі «Форум»,була поставлена дітьми 1-5 класів.

 The reason for which this transformation is made is that the target text receptor has different background knowledge. Sometimes this transformation is required because of the dissimilarity between the language structures, with the source language structure being incomplete for the target language, like gun licence is посвідчення на право носіння зброї.

Integral transformation is the replacement of a set phrase with another clichéd structure that has the same speech function: How do you do! –Вітаю!; Wet paint. –Обережно, пофарбовано. Help yourself. – Пригощайтесь.

Antonymic translation is describing the situation by the target language from the contrary angle. It can be done through antonyms: the inferiority of friendly troops – перевага сил суперника. The reason for this transformation is the lack of a one-word translation equivalent to the word inferiority. This transformation can also take place when we change the negation modality of the sentence: She is not unworthy of your attention. – Вона цілком варта Вашої уваги. In the English sentence we deal with double negation, called understatement, which, according to logic rules, means the positive expressed in the Russian sentence. Through understatement, Englishspeaking people avoid expressing their ideas in too a categoric tone. Shifting the negation is another manifestation of the antonymous translation: I don’t think I can do it. – Думаю, я не зможу цього зробити., which is a result of linguistic tradition peculiar to this or that language.

Metonymical is transference of meaning from one object to another one based on their contiguity. The word is derived from the Greek meta “change” and onoma “name”. Classified semantically, meanings can transfer from:

•process to result (e.g. translation indicates the process of decoding and the result of this process)

•material to a work (to drink from a glass)

•location to people (Vladivostok greets honored guests)

•cause to effect (The little horror never stops playing tricks on his mother) 

•part to whole and vice versa. This type of metonymy is called synecdoche (Little Red Riding Hood).

The last twenty years has seen many advances in our linguistic knowledge. – В останні 20 років спостерігається значний прогрес в лінгвістиці.

"The pen is mightier than the sword", this sentence has two examples of metonymy:

•the "pen" stands in for "the written word."

•the "sword" stands in for "military aggression and force."

"Lend me your ears!" – for giving attention (from Mark Antony in Julius Caesar)

 

In the English sentence, time is expressed by the subject of the sentence, whereas in Ukrainian it is more typical to express it by the adverbial modifier. This causes grammar restructuring of the sentence.

Complex compensation is a deliberate change of the word or structure by another one because the exact equivalent of the target language word or phrase is unable to produce the same impact upon the receptor as does the source language word or phrase. For example, we often have to compensate on the lexical level the meaning of the Past Perfect in the Ukrainian text translation, since there is no similar tense category in Ukrainian: Their food, clothing and wages were less bad than they had been. – Тепер їхня їжа, одяг і зарплата були не такими вже поганими, як колись. Puns, riddles, tongue-twisters are often compensated; for example: Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. Compensation exercises the еanslator’s ingenuity; however, the effort it requires should not be wasted on textually unimportant features.

 

 CONCLUSION

Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language and the production, in another language, of an equivalent text that communicates the same message. Translation must take into account a number of constraints, including context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, their idioms and the like. Consequently, as has been recognized at least since the time of the translator Martin Luther, one translates best into the language that one knows best.

In this course work we have examined the source of phraseological expressions and peculiarities in its translation in the English and Italian languages. We